This study characterizes the corporate leniency policy that minimizes the frequency with which collusion occurs. Though … it can be optimal to provide only partial leniency, plausible sufficient conditions are provided whereby the antitrust … when amnesty is awarded, though it can be optimal to award amnesty even when the antitrust authority is very likely to win …

Price-fixing is characterized when firms are concerned about creating suspicions that a cartel has formed. Antitrust … stability of the cartel. While antitrust laws can lower collusive prices, they can also raise them by making it easier for firms …

recovery of antitrust damages to direct purchasers. However, antitrust damages are typically (in part) passed on to … collusion. It allows an upstream cartel to shield itself from private damage claims by forwarding a share of cartel profits to … private damages. The cartel can achieve this by rationing inputs at low prices. Several U.S. antitrust cases show symptoms of …

recovery of antitrust damages to direct purchasers. However, antitrust damages are typically (in part) passed on to … collusion. It allows an upstream cartel to shield itself from private damage claims by forwarding a share of cartel profits to … private damages. The cartel can achieve this by rationing inputs at low prices. Several U.S. antitrust cases show symptoms of …

antitrust market than manufacturers' brands. …