This article explores the industrial roots of the present Argentina's crisis. Since the mid of 19th century, Argentina developed a model of social modernization without industrialization, based on export of primary commodity to Western developed countries. This model was exhausted during the...

The article draws the main steps in the implementation of the so-called "IRI formula" in the privatisation process in Italy. Until the mid-1960s the IRI formula worked extremely well, supporting the development of infrastructures and heavy industries, with a massive participation of private...