Italy is one of the OECD countries with the highest regulation in the different economy sectors. The recent measures are aimed at promoting, through the injection of competitiveness, the reduction of the italian efficiency gap that the EU institutions and leading analysts indicate as an...

The report examines the competitive position of the European pharmaceutical companies and industries, and compares them with the pharmaceutical companies and industries in other parts of the world, particularly the US. Over the last two decades, the industry has experienced some important...

Recent studies on the geography of knowledge networks have documented a negative impact of physical distance and institutional borders upon research and development (R&D) collaborations. Though it is widely recognized that geographic constraints hamper the diffusion of knowledge, less attention...

The paper provides a detailed description of the legal and regulatory framework that governs Italian pharmacies and the retail distribution of pharmaceuticals, as well as the government’s recent attempts to reform and modernize the system. The picture to emerge is a clear example of an...

The scale of PayGo has a maximum level of functioning over which nevative effects prevail over positive ones. This means that, with almost all PayGo possibilities dedicated to pensions and health care (acute and Ltc), little or nothing remains for financing unemployment benefits schemes or other...

We test recent theory on the benefits of auctions and bargaining as alternative procurement mechanisms using data on the procurement of medical devices by Italian hospitals. Theory suggests that auctions perform well when cost control is the key concern, but are less effective at producing the...

This book focuses on how digital technologies and rapid developments in artificial intelligence are shaping a new generation of cyber-physical systems based on the convergence among robots, sensors, and 3D printing. The book tells a story based on data and indicators to compare the resilience to...