The external costs of electricity generation can be characterised by the resulting social and environmental impacts. The most significant impacts are the air pollutions impact on health, built in environment, crops, forests, agricultural areas and on global warming. The primary impact considered...

This paper fills a gap in the macroeconomic literature on renewable sources of energy. It offers a definition of green investment and analyzes the trends and determinants of this investment over the last decade for 35 advanced and emerging countries. We use a new multi-country historical dataset...

The global energy demand depends on supplies from fossil fuels responsible for climate change. The supply of the fossil fuels required to meet the global energy demand depends on production from the available proved reserves of oil, coal and gas unevenly distributed around the world. On the...

The paper presents problems of procurement and supply materials to power plants in case of merger of a few plant in one power concern. The author present the analysis of present situation and proposals of supply reorganization considering technical and organizational problems.

Measurements of the power produced by a photovoltaic (PV) system are important for technical as well as financial reasons, especially in large installations. The energy produced by a PV system is modeled through its nominal power, the incoming irradiance and the major energy loss mechanisms....

This article presents a new EROI (energy return on investment) factor named the ideal EROI, or EROIide, that provides the theoretical upper boundary of the EROI of a given system. The EROIide is the ratio between the inputs within the EROIstnd boundaries and the theoretical maximum output from a...

Prospects for ethanol production from sugar beet in The Netherlands have been analysed using measured production data from two experimental farms and literature on beet to ethanol conversion. The analyses include beet cultivation and harvesting, transport to the factory, conversion into ethanol...

This paper summarises the current situation in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries in terms of energy and electricity consumption, local energy reserves and resources, the economic, political and environmental situation, and the opportunities for stronger regional energy integration....

In Malaysia, abundant agricultural wastes are generated yearly. Therefore it is beneficial to discover new ways to utilize the wastes and employ the carbon source in different industries. Biochar are produced through many heat treatments such as combustion, gasification and pyrolysis for energy...

Global energy demand for energy consumption is increasing day by day, and it seems complicated for most countries to meet energy demand with total energy production. In this regard, this study investigates the comparative impact of energy production and consumption on economic growth in the...