for Australia, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands and the UK; Granger causality from government debt to the primary …

run. Based on the results of the panel causality test, though the evidence of short-run causality is very weak, it does … show long-run unidirectional causality running from the overall index of globalization, economic globalization, and social …

correction model, we find that GDP and social security expenditure lack short-run causality, but reveal the existence of long …-run bidirectional causality. This shows that, in the long run, economic growth must be based on a social welfare policy that should be …

relationship between tourism development and economic growth using Granger causality tests in a multivariate model and using the …

restrictive business and labor market regulations. The results also show that long-run causality runs in both directions …

, the granger causality test shows that a short-run unidirectional causality runs from energy consumption to poverty. The …