For nearly two decades, growth of international trade has been underpinned by the development of intermediate goods cross exchanges resulting from a new international division of labour. The share of trade in inputs, also called vertical trade, has dramatically increased. Simultaneously, there...

This paper tries to understand the adoption of different organisational forms by trade intermediaries. It does that by exploring their options in a coherent economic framework emphasizing the importance of paying transaction costs. It is based both on my knowledge of 18th century French traders...

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This article tests whether smaller domestic markets can explain why France industrialized more slowly than Britain. To do so, it uses the Tableaux du Maximum. It begins by presenting this source and then checks if the data from the source are plausible using a logit theoretical gravity equation....

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This paper studies the characteristics of investment in the slave trade and other long distance trades in France during the eighteenth century. After justifying why the slave trade should be aggregated with other long distance trades for this study, the paper introduces French data. Information...

For nearly two decades, the share of trade in inputs, also called vertical trade, has dramatically increased. This paper suggests a new measure of international trade: “value-added trade”. Like many existing estimates, “value-added trade” is net of double-counted vertical trade. It also...

This paper surveys the rise and fall of the European mercantilist system, and the transition to the modern, well-integrated international economy of the 19th century. It also surveys the literature on the links between trade and economic growth during the period, and on the economic effects of...