In this work we explain the proper use of perpetuities and the value of them. We consider two cases: calculating the value on period zero when the perpetuity starAI with a given cash flow in period 1 and when it starAI from a cash flow in period zero and it grows in period 1 at a given rate (as...

In this work we explain the proper use of perpetuities and the value of them. We consider two cases: calculating the value on period zero when the perpetuity starts with a given cash flow in period 1 and when it starts from a cash flow in period zero and it grows in period 1 at a given rate (as...

The Constant Growth Model attributed to Gordon (the Gordon Model) is one of the most known and popular models in Corporate Finance. In this work we show that even with adjustments in the calculation of the proper Weighted Average Cost of Capital, WACC, in order to grant that the model with zero...

Risk-neutral valuation is simple, elegant and central in option pricing theory. However, in teaching risk-neutral valuation, it is not easy to explain the concept of quot;risk-neutralquot; probabilities. Beginners who are new to risk-neutral valuation always have lingering doubts about the...

This paper presents how marketing concepts and tools may be applied in investment appraisal studies. The marketing evaluation process begins with a description of the project concept based on the market need the project aims to satisfy. This aids the definition of the project's relevant market...

This paper presents three different approaches for calculating the levered annual values for a finite cash flow profile. In the first approach, we use K_U, the return to unlevered equity to calculate the annual tax savings and use K_U to calculate the (present) value of the tax savings. In the...

In this note, we present a simple numerical example to illustrate the case where the growth rate for the Free Cash Flow (FCF) gU is greater than but different from the growth rate for the Cash Flow to Debt (CFD) gD. Here we assume that the value of the appropriate discount rate for the tax...

In this teaching note, we discuss the basic principles for tariff setting. Tariff setting is very important for regulated industries, such as water and power. The tariff should provide an appropriate risk-adjusted return to the investor. If the tariff were too low, then the investors would not...

Debt financing with subsidizes interest rate has a multidimensional impact on the firm. Value of the levered equity, value of the debt and overall firm value will be different of those values with debt financing at market rate. Subsidized interest rate on debt does not create any additional cash...