It has frequently been noted in the wage bargaining literature that increasing average labour taxes may in fact be over-shifted in the pre-tax wage that is negotiated between unions and firms, raising workers post-tax wages. In this paper, we study the precise conditions for such tax...

The purpose of this paper is to study welfare-optimal pricing of passenger and freight transport services in a federation. First a theoretical model is constructed that clearly identifies the implications of the international dimension of transport flows and the associated externalities for...

We develop a positive non-parametric model of public sector production that allows us to test whether an implicit procedure of cost minimization at shadow prices can rationalize the outcomes of public sector activities. The basic model focuses on multiple C-outputs and does not imply any...

The purpose of this paper is to study tax competition on a parallel road network when different governments have tolling authority on different links of the network. Reflecting many current situations in Europe, each link is used by both local and transit traffic, and transit has a choice of...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate when subsidies for public transport are justified. We first theoretically identify the key parameters in determining the desirability of public transport subsidies. We then use a detailed numerical optimisation model, calibrated with data on...

The purpose of this paper is to study optimal congestion tolls in a bargaining model of the labour market. The model distinguishes commuting and non-commuting transport, and it allows some telecommuting. We first show that transport taxes as well as congestion levels raise negotiated wages and...

We study the interaction between pricing, frequency of service and information provision by public transport firms offering scheduled services, and we do so under various regulatory regimes. The model assumes that users can come to the bus stop or rail station at random or they can plan their...

Many firms and organizations compete for customers while at the same time receiving substantial funding from outside sources, such as government subsidies. In this paper, we study the effects of two commonly observed, alternative subsidy systems on the behavior of price-competing firms....