The objective of this paper is to compare the impact of R&D competition (i) under patent protection and (ii) under no … patent protection on enterprise innovation and performance with the impact of R&D cooperation in the form of R&D cartel on … spillovers, the R&D investments under patent protection are smaller than in the case of no patent protection. When firms create a …

model to trust? We provide comprehensive guidance for selecting and applying NLP representations of patent text. We develop … expert and non-expert judgments of patent similarity. State-of-the-art language models significantly outperform traditional … approaches such as TF-IDF. Using our validated representations, we measure a secular decline in contemporaneous patent similarity …