In the cold sunny winter days, when the south wall is well insulated, a significant amount of solar energy falling on this facade is not transferred to the inside. In this study, a novel closed wall-loop system is proposed to capture this wasted energy available during non-cloudy winter days and...

Without support, the levels of agricultural public goods will fall short of the demand in high cost countries like Norway, Finland and Iceland. However, as demonstrated in this paper using Norway as a case, the current support and agricultural activity is far out of proportions from a public...