We argue that market forces shaped the geographic distribution of upper-tail human capital across Europe during the … Middle Ages, and contributed to bolstering universities at the dawn of the Humanistic and Scientiffc Revolutions. We build a … unique database of thousands of scholars from university sources covering all of Europe, construct an index of their ability …

modification and renovation. Thus, an overview of new technologies helping to expand higher education initiatives throughout Europe …

outside Europe. 6) Policies to strengthen the autonomy of universities, including areas so far strictly controlled by most … multiplying the number of effective research platforms in Europe may miss a key part of tomorrow's research agenda. The in … improving the production and use of research in Europe, this report recommends new policies aimed at accelerating the …