This paper examines the first 16 months of competition in the German market for long-distance voice telephony on the fixed network. It concentrates on price level and price structure. Competition induced by the entry of both network operators and switch-based service providers decreased the...

The electricity grid includes multiple network areas managed by different operators, with transmission system operators (TSOs) handling high-voltage areas and distribution system operators managing midto low-voltage areas. These areas are interconnected and synchronized, creating classical...

Following liberalization and especially the energy transition, energy infrastructures are developing rapidly and significantly. Electricity networks are expanded to facilitate connection of renewable energies and new load such as heat pumps and electric mobility. On the one hand, gas networks...

The electricity grid includes multiple network areas managed by different operators, with transmission system operators (TSOs) handling high-voltage areas and distribution system operators managing midto low-voltage areas. These areas are interconnected and synchronized, creating classical...