attendance rates for a panel of countries from 1925 to 1990. We employ panel cointegration and causality techniques to control … for omitted variable and endogeneity bias and test for the direction of causality. We show that there exists a negative …, different measures of church attendance, and alternative specifications of the income variable. Long-run causality runs in both …

under the framework of Granger causality and panel cointegration for Pakistan over the period 1981-2008. The result supports … result also supports the evidence of long-run causality running from GDP to FDI, while in the short run, the evidence of two …-way causality between FDI and GDP is identified. At the sectoral level, the effects of FDI on growth vary significantly across …

), and (iii) long-run causality runs in both directions, suggesting that, on average, an increase in unionization reduces …

In this paper we investigate the co-movement and the causality relationship between energy consumption as well as …

a two-way causality between the growth of real GDP and the growth of the number of patents. For panel data, we find that … Granger causes the growth of the number of patents. However, we do not find any evidence of reverse causality. …

for Australia, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands and the UK; Granger causality from government debt to the primary …

for Australia, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands and the UK; Granger causality from government debt to the primary …