Over recent decades, there has been a shift away from public infrastructure financing towards private infrastructure … financing, particularly in advanced economies. In this article, infrastructure financing in four countries – China, India … infrastructure and encourage private financing. In all four countries, public financing of infrastructure remains significant …

The paper compares provision of public infrastructure via public-private partnerships (PPPs) with provision under … advantage in building infrastructure. At the same time, hard budget constraints for PPPs introduce a bankruptcy risk and …