demands for evidence to demonstrate student achievement of stated learning goals. This contextual frame opens the door to a …

evidence that the natural science are much more heavily constrained by evidence and observation than by theory while the social … sciences are constrained by prior theory and hardly at all by direct evidence. Current examples of the latter proposition are … tool to constrain the development of a new social science by direct (what economists dismiss as anecdotal) evidence and …

, in the difficulty of obtaining what is viewed as 'hard' evidence in support of some of the central claims. For example … only kind of evidence accepted by much of the profession is the testing of econometric hypotheses generated from formal … models. The sort of evidence found in persuasive sources such as DeLong's 'Cornucopia' consists of historical examples and …

We contrast two approaches to the prediction of latent variables in the model of factor analysis. The likelihood …