In the context of emission markets, failure to include early action (EA) as a criterion when sharing out the reduction effort may be unfair. This paper presents (1) a method based on index decomposition that seeks to quantify EA and (2) a method for determining effort sharing considering EA. It...

Eco-innovation represents for the Basque Country an opportunity to grow while other environmental targets are achieved. In the Basque Country it can be considered that in 2011 about 161 M€ of the investment would be «green», 28% of the total investment in innovation. Using the Input-Out...

Even if a global agreement is achieved on climate change issues, it is likely that national policies will continue to differ. Consequently, the competitiveness of some industries could be affected and the so-called 'carbon leakage' effect might occur. This effect is more likely for those...