This note examines the implications of the crisis in Ukraine for global trade and development. It highlights the importance of the supplies of food, energy and certain industrial inputs from Russia and Ukraine, and explores how the war is causing severe risks to food and energy security as well...

Purpose: Our study assesses financial development and debt status impact on energy efficiency in Nigeria as a developing economy. Methodology: We combined the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), FMOLS, and CCR analytical methods to estimate the parameters for energy efficiency policy...