1. Introduction -- 2. Theory and Prior Evidence on Multinationality. 2.1 Benefits and Costs of Multinationality. 2.2 Prior Empirical Evidence on Multinationality and Performance -- 3. Hypotheses.3.1 Multinationality and Profitability. 3.2 Multinationality and Firm Value -- 4. Description of Data...

1 Overview (Kunio Ito). Part 1 Earnings Attributes and Corporate Behavior -- 2 What do Smoothed Earnings Tell Us about the Future? (Yusuke Takasu and Makoto Nakano) -- 3 The Effect of Accounting Conservatism on Corporate Investment Behavior (Souhei Ishida and Kunio Ito) -- 4 Matching expenses...

This study investigates the link between income smoothing behavior and the cost of bank loans. From the first analysis, this study finds that income smoothing behavior by management lowers the cost of bank loans. In addition to this first analysis, the current study also focuses on the...