About 50% of New Zealand's greenhouse gases are not carbon dioxide, being mostly methane and nitrous oxide. Consequently the exchange rates between different gases - that is their CO2 equivalence - could have significant effects on the cost to New Zealand of meeting international emissions...

The Stern/Nordhaus controversy has polarized the widely disparate beliefs about what to do in order to tackle the climate challenge. Between Nordhaus' ``policy ramp'' which recommends gradual action to avoid costly premature low-carbon investments and Stern's ``early strong emissions cut'', the...

For a long time European gas markets used to be dominated by `national champions', vertically integrated firms, controlling imports, transit lines and distribution networks. In its drive to create a common market, the EU commission is trying to overcome this fragmentation by liberalizing...

the process-technology progress which is caused by the improvement of the productive technologies can reduce the demands of the intermediate inputs in the productive process, and then reduce the energy demands and the carbon emissions. Thus, to improve the level of process technologies is an...

This paper evaluates if and how speculation affects the volatility of commodity futures: it distinguishes between short term and long term measures of speculation and investigates if the impact on volatility is different. Speculation is measured by means of four indexes: scalping, Working’s T,...

International technology spillovers can be categorised in two types: disembodied and embodied. Disembodied international technology spillovers are the flow of ideas that take place without the exchange of commodities. Examples of disembodied spillovers are present through workers’ mobility,...

The introduction of unilateral climate policies, and the absence of a climate constraint in many parts of the world raise questions about the distortions in competitiveness and CO2 leakage that may result. Therefore, proposed climate policies are often accompanied by corrective measures intended...

The notion of sectoral approaches – in which developing and emerging economies are incentivized to undertake efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity or growth in key industrial sectors, potentially with assistance from developed countries – play an important role in the debate...

Health effects of medical expenditures deserve consideration in the literature addressing the dividends of environmental taxation, since illness not only influences utility, but also affects leisure and working time. We for the first time differentiate the health effects and tax deductibility...