The essence of money is its cost. And the value of money, by definition, is serving, above all, as the measurement for the price of goods and services. I.e. the essence of money is their ability to become a single scale for measurement of goods and services. This ability is due to the...

The Euro area recent evolution have seen the appearance of large interest rate spread in highly indebted countries. What are the determinants of these spreads beyond mere speculation? Panel regressions linking for Euro area Members the spread with respect to German rates to fiscal variables like...

The objective of this paper is to build and use FAVAR model to evaluate the responses of a wide range of macroeconomic variables to monetary policy shocks. FAVAR is superior to standard VAR for many reasons. One, with Factor VAR model, it is possible to combine the standard VAR approach with...

Determine the optimal response of a small open economy's central bank to financial shocks that lead to increases in credit spreads. Increasing credit spreads reduce the efficacy of monetary policy when the central bank is reducing the policy rate to accommodate a lowering in economic...

In a recent line of research the low interest-rate environment of the early to mid 2000s is viewed as an element that triggered increased risk-taking appetite of banks in search for yield. This paper uses approximately 7,000 annual observations on banks of the CEE countries over the period...

This paper builds a DSGE model in which future wage assignments are introduced as collateral for risky consumer and housing loans, in addition to standard BGG-type loans to entrepreneurs. Banks face matter-of-fact constraints in funding and lending markets, have liquidity targets, and are...

We examine whether and how main central banks responded to episodes of financial stress over the last three decades.Time-varying parameter model with endogenous regressorsQuantify the time-varying effect of financial stress (and its components) on interest rate setting.

In the sequence of the recent financial and economic crisis, the level of government indebtedness has increased considerably in many European and Monetary Union (EMU) countries. Besides i) undermine the sustainability of public finances and ii) amplify steady-state distortions relative to the...

This article investigates the degree of persistence of different inflation rates for the Spanish economy using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the aggregate as well as for the regions, provinces and eight groups of goods and services, in addition to the Producer Price Index (PPI) for the...

Although there are many studies that empirically investigate the impact of Inflation Targeting (IT) on several aspects of the economy, the mechanisms through which IT improves the economic conditions are not studied extensively. A theoretical study is needed to present the dynamics of IT and...