Providing old-age social protection for women is a major policy challenge, as women?s working lives tend to be more diverse than men?s, often including periods of care-giving and part-time work. In addition, workers in the informal sector, where the majority of women work, are excluded from...

Evidence suggests that insufficient household income can lead to labour supplementation by children and adolescents. The pressure on them to enter the labour market results in less time available for school activities and, ultimately, in school drop-out. Thus most impact evaluations of...

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimated that the world would need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 50?60 per cent from 1990 levels by 2050, with a future downward trajectory that is even more drastic, to have a probable chance of limiting a global temperature...

Expected Years of Schooling (EYS), one of the components of the education indicator in the Human Development Index (HDI) (UNDP, 2010), is a measure of the number of years of schooling a child at the start of his or her education is expected to receive, if current rates of enrolment are...

Over the past decade, large-scale land acquisition in Africa has become quite intense, especially in DRC, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Sudan, Tanzania and Zambia. While African countries are motivated by the need to transform the agricultural sector and diversify their economies, the urge...

Research into multidimensional poverty has gathered momentum in the last half decade, most notably in the aftermath of the global food and financial crises of 2007?2008. It has gained further momentum since the UNDP-OPHI launched the 2010 Human Development Report (HDR) and more recently as part...

This paper presents a review of deprivation at the sub-national (regional) level in Namibia in the material, employment, health, education, services and housing domains as well as constituency-level multiple deprivation, but aggregated at regional levels. The study provides a strong basis for...

Global development goals have become increasingly used by the United Nations and the international community to promote priority global objectives. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the most prominent example of such goals, but many others have been set since the 1960s. Despite their...

The federal constitution enacted on 5 October 1988 was a landmark for Brazilian citizens in that it reorganised the bases of the country?s protection system. The new charter recognised social security as a guiding principle of social protection, as expressed in social insurance, social...

This research guide was prepared as part of the joint FAO-UNICEF ?From Protection to Production? (PtoP) project (http://www.fao.org/economic/ptop/en/). The project takes advantage of ongoing impact evaluations of cash transfer programmes in sub-Saharan Africa to look at the impact of these...