Cross-country data on energy consumption, GDP and vulnerability are used to measure percentage changes in vulnerability … effects on per capita income, have the effect of reducing a country’s overall vulnerability to climate change by a greater … globe, are unlikely to reduce vulnerability to climate change, especially at very low incomes. …

We examine the extent to which economic development reduces both a country's disaster risk and its social vulnerability … incomes generally reduce a country's social vulnerability to such disasters. We additionally find that underlying political …

Cross-country data on energy consumption, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), and a social vulnerability index are … used to measure changes in vulnerability associated with changes in per capita GDP and per capita energy consumption …. Energy consumption, through its non-linear effect on per capita income, reduces a country’s overall vulnerability by a …