Equilibrium models have been widely used in literature with the aim of showing theoretical properties of emission trading systems. This paper derives first a new equilibrium model. Second, it is shown that the theoretical permit price is related to changes in the expectation about how long...

The proliferation of algorithmic high-frequency trading in financial markets has also led to an increase in new types of fraudulent activity. Since the flash-crash of 2010 first brought it to popular prominence, layering or spoofing fraud has become a major concern for financial regulators...

We consider the problem of finding a valid covariance matrix in the FX market given an initial non-PSD estimate of such a matrix. The standard no-arbitrage assumption implies additional linear constraints on such matrices, which automatically makes them singular. As a result, one cannot just...

We consider the problem of finding a valid covariance matrix in the FX market given an initial non-PSD estimate of such a matrix. The standard no-arbitrage assumption implies additional linear constraints on such matrices, which automatically makes them singular. As a result, one cannot just...

The Lightning Network is a so-called second-layer technology built on top of the Bitcoin blockchain to provide "off-chain" fast payment channels between users, which means that not all transactions are settled and stored on the main blockchain. In this paper, we model the emergence of the...

The emergence and survival of cooperation is one of the hardest problems still open in science. Several factors such as the existence of punishment, repeated interactions, topological effects and the formation of prestige may all contribute to explain the counter-intuitive prevalence of...

Describes the behavior of financial markets as functions of the variables 'price return' and 'time' based on the net difference between ask and bid volumes over a unit period, thereby suggesting that at least a negative non-trivial price return extreme exists for a unit period. This admittedly...