simultaneously set their tolls and capacities while taking the actions of the others as given in a Nash fashion. Then, under some … than under Nash competition, because of the larger Stackelberg capacity expansion and lower tolls. …

congested airport, optimal congestion pricing rules deviate from the familiar Pigouvian rule that tolls be equal to the marginal …

confronted by policy makers. As part of their policy response, it is probable that some form of congestion pricing will be … theory says that the congestion tolls levied on the various airlines at a particular airport should generally be different …, with the tolls being inversely related to a carrier s airport flight share. Internalization of airport congestion is the …

In most dynamic traffic congestion models, congestion tolls must vary continuously over time to achieve the full … practice have so-called 'step tolls', in which the toll takes on different values over discrete time intervals, but is constant …