The end of the Cold War weakened the relationship created between science and defence after World War II. Credits for defence R&D have been regularly reduced through the 1990s. Indeed armed forces' requirements for innovation and technology have evolved compared to the second half of the 20th...

John Maynard Keynes was a citizen economist, anxious to defend a capitalist system threatened by the rise of totalitarianism during the inter-war period. His criticism of the Versailles treaty in 1919 was supported by the idea of a link between economic prosperity and international peace. During...

The role of defense in national innovation systems is highly topical, because of the complexity of defense systems and the desire to get value-for-money from R&D investment, especially through the commercialization of defense-funded technology. In practice, external transfer has proved to be a...

Research and innovation are not addressed as central features in most Post Keynesian models, which integrate technological progress through capital accumulation. Analyzing aggregate demand and unemployment without integrating the impact of research leads to an incomplete understanding of the...

Technological superiority is a key element to achieve defense effectiveness, and R&D spending is crucial to access leading-edge technologies. Nevertheless, the current defense R&D model seems to reach its limits, leading to an out-of-control burden: in spite of spending almost i70 billion...

In analysing capitalism, Karl Marx dealt little with issues of international relations and militarism - Friedrich Engels was in charge of these questions. But war has never been integrated in the Marxist diagram. However, Marx and Engels' writings contain essential remarks on international...

La commercialisation des plantes transgéniques suscite de vives polémiques sur les implications scientifiques et éthiques des manipulations du génome des plantes. Les questions scientifiques, environnementales et sanitaires masquent toutefois les enjeux économiques sous-jacents. En effet,...

Defense R&D is usually considered as an economic burden, implying an eviction effect on civilian R&D and perverting the national systems of innovation. If arms production benefits nowadays from advanced civilian R&D, the flow of technology was not always in the same direction–especially in the...