In this paper, we analyze the process of money creation in a credit economy. We start from the consideration that the traditional money multiplier is a poor description of this process and present an alternative and dynamic approach that takes into account the heterogeneity of agents in the...

In this paper, we applied alternative time series techniques and obtained similar summaries of demand for money relations for twelve developing countries. This indicates that adequate attention should be paid to the purpose of research and interpretation of results rather than to econometric...

The aim of this study is to investigate if there is a stable demand for money for Tonga. Our empirical results based on the alternative time series approaches of LSE-Hendry's General to Specific (GETS) and Johansen's Maximum Likelihood (JML) show that there is a unique cointegrated and stable...

In this paper, a money demand model constructed on currency in circulation is used to determine the appropriate alternative cost to hold monetary balances in the Turkish economy. Our estimation results, using contemporaneous multivariate co-integration methodology, indicate that the most...

This paper examines the ‘currency enigma” which arises because despite financial innovation that has created important new substitutes for cash usage, U.S. per capita currency holdings now amount to $2700. American households and businesses admit to holding only 15 percent of the stock of...

In this paper, a reserve money demand model is tried to be constructed for the Turkish economy. Using contemporaneous multivariate co-integration methodology for the investigation period 1987Q1-2007Q3 of the quarterly observations, we find that the real income elasticity of money demand is...

In this paper, a money demand model upon M2 broad monetary aggregate for the Turkish economy is examined in a portfolio-based approach considering various alternative cost measures to hold money. Employing multivariate co-integration methodology of the same order integrated variables, our...

The main purpose of this study is to re-investigate the stability of Japanese M2 money demand function over the period of 1960:Q1 to 2007:Q2. This study propose to incorporate the rolling regression approach into the bounds testing procedure for cointegration within the autoregressive...

The aim of this paper is to investigate the currency substitution phenomenon in Romania. We present the evolution of the DI (Dollarization Index) as it is defined by the IMF, the situation on the liabilities side and that of the banking sector. We assess the way in which the traditional...

Time series and cross-country empirical results suggest that cash holding as a percentage of income rises, or alternatively that velocity falls, as income increases. Numerous cross-sectional findings at many points in time, in several countries conclude oppositely. It is argued here that the...