We analyze the effect of competition on price dispersion in the airline industry and show that the outcome hinges on … redefining the extent of a market. Using panel data from 1993 to 2013, an increase in competition has a positive effect on price …

-card networks had little incentive to lower merchant fees, which allegedly restricted interbrand competition among those networks … power and that its NDPs had an actual adverse effect on competition as a whole. In a two-sided market, network externalities … examine the effects that the challenged conduct has on market competition. Examining only one side of the market would …