A 2010 paper by Kaoru Tone proposes four variants of the slacks-based measure of efficiency (SBM) to overcome the limitations of this well-known Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach when the reference points of the efficient frontier may not be adequate. In this study, we apply these...

This paper empirically examines herding behavior in the strategic style allocations of Spanish pension plan managers. The study uses both the standard metric used in financial literature to capture institutional herding and a new approach to address some shortcomings of this traditional measure....

In this paper, we analyse the persistence phenomenon on the returns obtained by Spanish equity pension funds in the period 1999–2006, an unexplored topic in the Spanish financial market, one of the most emerging pension fund industries in the European Union. We provide evidence for a short-run...