As the global economic environment changes, the concept of green and sustainable development has become the international community's consensus. As a participant in the worldwide emission reduction plan, China is also under great pressure to reduce carbon emissions. As an example, this study...

In the data envelopment analysis (DEA) literature, productivity change captured by the Malmquist productivity index, especially in terms of a deterministic environment and stochastic variability in inputs and outputs, has been somewhat ignored. Therefore, this study developed a frm-specifc,...