evolution. From an economic point of view Schumpeter and Marshall, geared to the level of a single firm, are of great importance … competition. So, after the exposition of Schumpeter and Marshall on discontinous and gradual economic development, a concept of … population thinking in biology. In enlarging the Schumpeter-Marshall model finally an evolutionary theory of innovation activity …

, calculating and creative favoring a transformation. The neo-Schumpeterians follow Schumpeter by largely ignoring the importance of … negative driving forces for innovations and the productivity performance of firms. In the neoclassical Schumpeterian literature … stronger competition and also lower product demand may induce innovations and productivity increases in established firm. But …

This paper reviews various approaches to measuring business innovation from the angle of capturing social innovations …. Social innovations can certainly rely on R&D-based technological innovations. Their essence, however, tends to be … rely on those indicators to capture social innovations. Third, given the diversity among innovation systems, a poor …