Data envelopment analysis (DEA) can be used for assessing the relative efficiency of a number of operating units, finding, for each unit, a target operating point lying on the strong efficient frontier. Most DEA models project an inefficient unit onto a most distant target, which makes its...

In this paper we propose a method for finding the reference set of a decision making unit (DMU), without chasing down all alternative optimal solutions of the envelopment form, which is a strong degenerate problem. The reference set is useful as a benchmark for an inefficient DMU, for...