Trade agreements influence the distribution of money, goods, services and daily living conditions – the social determinants of health and health equity, which ultimately impacts differentially on health within and between countries. In order to advance health equity as a trade policy goal,...

Russian Abstract: В статье рассматривается участившаяся в последнее время практика пересмотра ведущими развитыми странами, в первую очередь США, критериев определения...

The world is facing an unprecedented health crisis in the form of COVID-19, which has had a profound effect on the global economy, trade, and the multilateral trading system. The event has single-handedly led to the adoption of economically challenging and stringent measures by Members, which in...

The weak global GDP growth since the financial crisis in 2007-2009 has coincided with unusually weak growth in global trade. Organisations that monitor international macro-economic development have identified growing protectionism – not least the increase in non-tariff barriers to trade, such...

Policymakers increasingly view China’s rapidly growing wealth as a threat. China currently ranks second, or perhaps even first, in the world in gross domestic product (although 78th in per capita GDP), and the fear is that China will acquire military prowess commensurate with its wealth and...

Established in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was the culmination of half a century of global trade liberalization achieved under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Subsequent agreements to achieve further liberalization — and to establish rules for...

National debates over policies that affect the flow of digital information are heating up as censorship, surveillance, control over personal data, and requirements to store data locally have emerged as contentious political issues. In the coming years, governments will need to carefully craft...

Though global prices of energy resources did not return completely to the pre-crisis levels, the Russian foreign trade turnover recovered more or less from the pandemicdriven downturn. The recovery of trade in services is slower because of travelling restrictions which are still in force. In...

This article analyses, by region, the trade exposure of Spanish firms to the United Kingdom, based on individual information from the Balance of Payments and the Central Balance Sheet Data Office. Exposure to the UK economy shows some regional variability. Since 2016 there has been a fairly...

In January-September 2020, exports of energy commodities and other minerals decreased by 36.5% (45% of the level seen in 2013) on the relevant period of the previous year. Non-oil and gas exports increased by 1.8% following a six-fold increase in gold sales. Without including gold exports,...