In this study, a test system for spray cooling, in which the heating surface temperatures were simultaneously measured by thermocouples and an infrared imager, was set up. A mathematical model of spray cooling heat transfer characteristics was presented based on the fundamentals of dynamics and...

Uncertainty is essential in collaborative investment in R&D, especially for new production development (NPD). So, commitments (either formal contracts or informal communications) among members in an R&D alliance are often presented to deal with uncertainty. But after uncertainty is realized,...