A methodology commonly used to calculate losses in shareholder actions against companies for failing to announce information relevant to the share price is based on price movements shortly after the ultimate announcement. This approach will lead to an overestimate of the loss if the market...

The purpose of this paper is to clarify some aspects of geared investments which are investments partially financed from a loan. Gearing is a standard tool of investment and although it is usually applied to property or share portfolios, the approach can be applied to any asset. Some investors...

Deregulation of the financial system, and the significant heightening of competition that it produced, has directed attention to the way in which financial institutions price their products and services. Also, the loan losses of the nineties increased interest in the problems of pricing for risk.