Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the properties of net income (NI) and total comprehensive income (TCI) of listed companies in New Zealand (NZ). Four properties of TCI and NI are examined: persistence, variability, predictive ability, and value relevance. Whether the value...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the properties of net income (NI) and total comprehensive income (TCI) of listed companies in New Zealand (NZ). Four properties of TCI and NI are examined: persistence, variability, predictive ability, and value relevance. Whether the value...

This study investigates the simplicity and adequacy of tail-based risk measures-valueat-risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES)-when applied to tail targeting of the extreme value (EV) model. We implement Lévy-VaR and ES risk measures as full density-based alternatives to the generalized Pareto...