In this paper, we fill the gap in the literature by identifying a negative relationship between fuel ethanol consumption and CO2 emissions, building on a sample of 17 European countries covering seven years, from 2010 to 2016. Based on a Panel Smooth Transition Regression approach we show that...

One of the goals of the U.S. ethanol mandate is to reduce fossil fuel use in the transportation sector. But some critics of the mandate argue that a more efficient way of reducing fuel consumption would be to focus on improvements in fuel efficiency of motor vehicles. We consider the time span...

On 5 March 2024, the WTO circulated the panel report in the case brought by Malaysia in “European Union and Certain Member States — Certain measures concerning palm oil and oil palm crop-based biofuels” (DS600).