Nitrogen conversion and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation during rapid pyrolysis of hydrochar, lignite and hydrochar–lignite blends have been investigated within a temperature range of 600–900°C. The results showed that in comparison to lignite, a higher percentage of...

Metal-based fuel-borne catalysts (FBCs) have been used with diesel fuels to effectively reduce soot and diesel particulate matter (DPM) emissions from both on-road and off-road applications. However, there is a lack of detailed investigations on the potential changes in the properties of...

There is a lack of detailed investigations on the effects of butanol addition to diesel/biodiesel blends on particulate emissions. This study represents the first attempt of its kind to fully evaluate the potential impact of diesel–biodiesel–butanol blends on engine performance, physical,...

Two types of biofuel pellets were prepared from raw biomass and the corresponding hydrochar. Fuel qualities of the two types of pellets including pellet density, mechanical strength and combustion characteristics were investigated. The results showed that the hydrochar pellets had higher fixed...