improves. This characteristic makes it difficult to select the proper operating temperature to achieve its target lifetime. In … target lifetime compared to the cell performance at some temperatures determined using an existing rule of thumb. It is …

Lifetime estimation of lead–acid batteries in stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems is a complex task because it … battery lifetime is error-prone, thus producing values that differ substantially from the real ones. This error can indicate … is the battery charge controller, which significantly affects the lifetime of batteries. The results of the simulations …

We model the information traffic on scale-free networks considering the packets’ limited lifetime. In previous papers …>0, the traffic system is in the congestion state. With lifetime mechanism, where a packet will be removed from the … system once its lifetime ends, it is found that traffic congestion is avoided. We then introduce another order parameter λ to …

probabilities of the different pairs of outcomes. Expected lifetime earnings of youths are modelled and estimated, and serve as … and residing with parents is expected lifetime earnings from a university degree. A sizeable discouraged worker effect …