This paper looks at the existing credit programs for smallholders, including agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs). It … retailers. Moreover, the study determines specific gaps and issues related to meeting the credit needs of smallholders and … identifies possible strategic interventions by both government and the private sector that can enhance smallholders' access to …

In light of the surge in large‐scale farms in developing countries, concerns have been raised that smallholders may be … large‐scale farms and smallholders. First, we analyse the geographical contexts of wards that host large-scale farms and …-in-differences approach to estimate the impacts of large‐scale farms on smallholders’ area cultivated, maize yields, and access to fertiliser …