Many authors relate a firm's performance to legal and political features and the regulatory environment in which it operates. This article compares firms' capital structure adjustments across countries and investigates whether institutional differences help explain the variance in estimated...

Bond credit spreads reflect the issuer's expected default probability. In an efficient market, spreads will reflect both the issuer's current risk and investors' expectations about how that risk might change in the future. Collin-Dufresne and Goldstein (2001) show analytically that a firm's...

We evaluate the influence of the pandemic on global bank lending and identify bank and country characteristics that amplify or weaken the effect of the disease outbreak on bank credit. Using a difference-in-difference methodology and banks from 125 countries, we find that bank lending is weaker...

We study the impact of threats to human capital on the determination of corporate financial policy. We exploit variations in health conditions using morbidity and mortality by infectious diseases and document the relationship between employee well-being and firm financing decisions....

This paper examines international differences in banks' capital structure adjustments across a large panel of 94 countries over the period 1993 to 2007. A bank's ability to adjust its capital ratio is influenced by corporate governance, public policy, market structure, and bank regulatory...

U.S. banks hold significantly more equity capital than required by their regulators. We test competing hypotheses regarding the reasons for this ldquo;excessrdquo; capital, using an innovative partial adjustment approach that allows estimated BHC-specific capital targets and adjustment speeds to...

We evaluate motives for share repurchases using a unified framework where a firm has a target capital structure and has equity that can be mispriced. We document that capital structure adjustments are a value-increasing motive for repurchases and that the extent to which adjusting capital...

We examine the dynamic behavior of bank capital using a global sample of 64 countries during the 1994–2010 period. Banks achieve deleveraging primarily through equity growth (rather than asset liquidation). In contrast, they achieve leveraging through reduced earnings retention and substantial...