The Israeli Moshav cooperative was designed as a group of homogeneous family farms, all equal in size and resources. Over the years, processes of selective migration and specialization have increased heterogeneity within each Moshav. This has led to destabilization of the social and economic...

International trade has devolved in the 20th century into climate- and resource-controlled exchange between temperate and tropical zones, and intra-temperate zone trade dominated by technology. Nations of temperate zones have been highly inventive of trade-influencing devices. Prospects are that...

Competition among railroads for corn, soybean, and wheat shipments appears to be decreasing in the United States. Any reduction in competitive transport options for export shippers is cause for concern. The results of this research indicate that decreases in competition raise rail rates for...