This report addresses the increasingly important interactions of variable renewables and dispatchable energy technologies, such as nuclear power, in terms of their effects on electricity systems. These effects add costs to the production of electricity, which are not usually transparent. The...

Energy has always been a central issue for the European construction. The current international development forces the Union to redefine its energy policy according to another logic : accept global interdependence and the creation of structures favoring the development, the reactivity, and the...

Europe is a large energy importing region and destined to remain so for the foreseeable future. Ensuring the security of its energy supplies is principally hampered by two issues : first, the lack of a sustainable policy trade-off between the competing objectives of security of energy supply,...

The conservation or sustainable use of biological diversity presents special challenges for policy-makers because of its complex nature and the difficulties associated with identifying the underlying causes that lead to biodiversity loss. As such, it is often necessary that a range of incentive...