centuries, but controversy surrounds the distribution effects of economic growth. Did livelihoods improve? Who benefited from … the growth? Which regions were better off? Past studies infer an improved standard of living based on sparse data for … measure of human welfare in some regions of China from the 1890s to the 1920s …

China’s population is set to age fast, owing to low fertility and rising life expectancy. With ongoing migration of the …

We analyse income and expenditure distribution in China in a comparative perspective with India. These countries … expenditure in India, especially at the top of the distribution. Both types of inequality are similar in China, although … expenditure is more unequally distributed than income in urban areas. China has a much stronger correlation in individual ranks …

' educational achievement. Our estimate shows that the unintended gain of rural education almost compensated the loss in urban China …

From 1580, the Jesuits introduced European sciences to China―an autarkic civilization whose intelligentsia was … the Jesuits were expelled by the emperor of China in 1723. These findings indicate the importance of an environment open … to knowledge flow for intellectual development in pre-industrial times …

’s Republic of China (PRC) between the early 1990s and early 2000s. In the early 1990s, the increase in income inequality in the …

Foreign influence on South China increasingly disrupted the economy from the late eighteenth century. Many scholars …

households in the People's Republic of China (PRC) have become middle class by 2007, which is especially impressive given that … areas and across East, Central, and West PRC. The drivers of this trend include market development, industrialization, and … privatization. As industrialization and urbanization continue in the PRC, the growth of the middle class will intensify, and could …