a potential substitution effect. The results indicate that climate (temperature) has a positive relationship with …

into large cities. Our findings have important implications for evaluating future climate change, as well as for policies … regarding adaptation to climate change and disaster resilience. …

experienced a ten year long civil conflict of varying intensity. We exploit that villages affected by the conflict had the same … trend in fertility as non-affected villages prior to the onset of conflict and employ a difference-in-differences estimator …. We find that women in affected villages increased their actual and desired fertility during the conflict by 22 percent …

, which experienced a ten year long civil conflict of varying intensity. Our difference-in-differences analysis shows that … women in villages affected by civil conflict increased their actual and desired fertility during the conflict by 22 percent … was the main pathway leading to reduced child height, as opposed to direct impacts of the conflict. This likely occurred …

rivals of a different affiliation. The overall patterns of conflict in continental Europe as well as those between the …