Numerous studies have investigated the link between trade policy and firm productivity. Despite justifying firm level analysis on the basis of considerable heterogeneity between firms within narrowly defined industries, these studies typically constrain all firms to have the same expected...

Standards and technical regulations which govern the admissibility of imported goods into an economy raise costs of exporters entering new markets, and may have a particularly high impact on firms seeking to export from developing countries. Yet standards may also have a positive side, such as...

The conclusions of the 1976 Kemp-Van proposition are shown to be substantially valid even if all tariff vectors, both pre-union and post-union, are optimally chosen.

The conclusions of the 1976 Kemp-Wan proposition are shown to be substantially valid even if all tariff vectors, both pre-union and post-union, are optimally chosen.