Portfolio theories are meant to provide a method for managing assets and constructing portfolios. Meanwhile, the mean-variance technique has been heavily criticized by some academics, and its application to real estate portfolio is questionable (Cheng and Liang, 2000). Indeed, the mean-variance...

Refocusing deals with the tendency of the groups to grow on controlled markets. It is a result of several constraints : capital budgeting in a world sized competitive environment, maximizing the return on capital employed, taking over the goodwill for the benefit of financial investors, leaving...