The leading strategy for analyzing unstructured data uses two steps. First, latent variables of economic interest are estimated with an upstream information retrieval model. Second, the estimates are treated as "data" in a downstream econometric model. We establish theoretical arguments for why...

The OECD's PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) is expanding on new educational systems from cycle to cycle. Most of the new participants differ significantly and negatively from the core participants in the level of educational proficiency. The study has investigated a...

The industrial sector is the key area for China to achieve the carbon peaking goals, as it accounts for more than 65 % and 70 % of the national total energy consumption and carbon emissions. However, the discussion on the time and route of carbon peak in China in the existing literature is still...