This article examines the causal relationship between tax revenues and government expenditures in twenty-two OECD countries, eleven European Union (EU) member states, and eleven non-EU. We use the Autorgressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test and the Toda-Yamamoto Granger noncausality...

This paper examines the long-run and dynamic temporal relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, population density, trade openness, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Brazil, China, Egypt, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, South Korea, and South Africa based on the environment Kuznets...

This paper examines the effects of anticipated and unanticipated components of monetary policy on real output f or 12 countries in West Africa, using annual data from 1960 through 1990. There are two hypotheses that have been used in the literature to explain macroeconomic fluctuations. The...