This paper examines both theoretically and empirically whether using ordinary least squares (OLS) multivariate regression models to estimate average treatment effects under experimental designs is justified by the Neyman model for causal inference. The paper finds that estimated standard errors...

Finds that, a year or more after enrolling in the program, 2-year-olds perform significantly better on a range of measures of cognitive, language, and social-emotional development, when compared with a randomly assigned control group. EHS families are also more likely to attend school or job...

This article addresses likely error rates for measuring teacher and school performance in the upper elementary grades using value-added models applied to student test score gain data. Using formulas based on ordinary least squares and empirical Bayes estimators, error rates for comparing a...

Randomized control trials (RCTs) in the education field typically examine the intention-to-treat parameter, which is estimated by comparing the mean outcomes of treatment group members to those of the control group. This report examines the identification and estimation of the complier average...

Performance management systems may improve service delivery and participant outcomes, but they do not necessarily provide information on a program's causal effects. This article develops a statistical model that describes the conditions under which regression adjustment improves the...