We contrast two approaches to the prediction of latent variables in the model of factor analysis. The likelihood statistic constitutes the set of minimal sufficient statistics for the unobservables when sampling arises from the exponential family of distributions. Linear predictors on the other...

For most of its existence, mankind’s wellbeing was dictated by disease, the elements and other natural factors, and the occasional conflict. Virtually everything it needed — food, fuel, clothing, medicine, transport, mechanical power — was the direct or indirect product of living nature....

The main issue of this article is to discuss the question of ‘precarity’ in the context of the theory of social quality (see Beck et al, 2001), with which to pave the way for developing further the theoretical foundation of precarity. Societal practice is the main challenge this concept...

We use the same methodology, that Ecofin-Oecd apply for projecting expenditure in the medium-long term, to reconstruct expenditure in the medium-long past. It is possible to compare the effective expenditure with the reconstructed one. The effective expenditure is of course influenced by policy...

Scholars have long recognized the difficulties of communicating risk to the public. The rise of mobile gaming presents unprecedented opportunities for risk communicators to reach millions of potential users in engaging and potentially effective ways. Gamifying risk communication may help users...

The COVID-19 crisis has been accompanied by an extensive use of indicators, such as those related to COVID infections and deaths but also a good number of COVID policy indicators. This paper discusses these indicators from the perspective of a legal scholar with an interest (and some expertise)...

En la abundante literatura sobre el rendimiento académico se consideran de manera general 3 tipos distintos de determinantes que pueden tener influencia en el mismo: determinantes personales, sociales e institucionales. Dentro de los determinantes socio-ambientales y personales, el entorno...

This paper focuses on survey expectations and discusses their uses for testing and modeling of expectations. Alternative models of expectations formation are reviewed and the importance of allowing for heterogeneity of expectations is emphasized. A weak form of the rational expectations...

In recent years, the government, of African Countries has assumed major responsibilities for economic reforms and growth. In attempting to describe their economies, economists (policymakers) in many African Countries have applied certain models that are by now widely known: Linear programming...

In the real world, the theory of economic faces many obstacles in its analyses and interpretations. One of these problems is overlapping relationships between specific variables and difficulty of determining perfect formulation which contain all possible effect. Traditional statistics tools like...